1.
Molecular Characterization Of Brucella Abortus Strains In Bovines
by Muhammad Ramzan | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Aneela | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2169,T] (1).
2.
Pathological Studies On Contagious Edthyma In Naturally Infected Small Ruminants
by Muhammad Usman ghani | Dr. Mati ur rehman khan | Dr. Muhammad | Prof. Dr. Asim aslam.
Material type: ; Format:
print
; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2014Dissertation note: Abstract Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2070,T] (1).
3.
Effect of Curcuma Longa on Embryonated Eggs Experimentally Infected With Avian Influenza Virus
by Syed Iftikhar Ali Shah (2013-VA-436) | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof.Dr.Muhammad Sarwar Khan.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: CD Error Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2264-T] (1).
4.
Effect of Fish Oil on Response of Lymphoid Organs of Broiler Experimentally Infected With Newcastle Disease Virus
by Muhammad Zahid (2013-VA-441) | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Dr. Muhammad Yasin Tipu | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Khushi Muhammad.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Theses submitted with cd. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2353-T] (1).
5.
Distribution and Localization of Brucella Melitensis in Aborted Fetal Tissues of Small Ruminants
by Muhammad Zain Saleem (2008-va-158) | Dr. Raheela Akhtar | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Haroon Akbar.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Submitted with blank CD. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2369-T] (1).
6.
Pathobiological Studies On Bovine Ephemeral Fever Infected Cattle In District Swabi
by Sahibzada Waheed Abdullah (2013-VA-560) | Dr. Muti Ur Rehman Khan | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Ali Ahmad Shiekh.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Among the non-contagious diseases Bovine ephemeral fever is important disease of cattle the course of the disease is usually three days due to which it is called “three days sickness”. This is transfer to other cattle through insects Culicoides (biting midges a group that include many kinds of flies) and mosquitoes. Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) has been collected from Culicoides coarctatus, Culicoides brevitarsis, and Anopheles bancroftii (Walker et al. 2012). Cattle and buffaloes are the main species affected from Bovine ephemeral fever (BEF) which gives huge economic losses to the dairy sector. The etiologic agent, Bovine ephemeral fever virus belong to Rhabdoviridae family, enveloped (negative sense) ssRNA virus. It generally recur in Australia, Asia, and Africa also in the Middle East (Walker 2005).
The theme of the present study was detection of BEF virus through Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction from the cattle suspected for bovine ephemeral fever virus on the basis of clinical signs. Hematological profile and serum calcium level were checked in the confirmed positive samples for BEFV.
A total of 50 blood samples were collected from the suspected animals in aseptic condition using a sterilized disposable syringe and were preserved in vacutainers (Anticoagulant added n = 50, without anticoagulant n = 50). The 10 blood samples were collected from healthy animals in vacutainers (Anticoagulant added n = 10, without anticoagulant n = 10).
Buffy coat were separated from blood samples and from this the RT-PCR was performed and successfully diagnosed the BEFV infected cattle. Hematology and serum calcium were performed for both confirm positive and healthy animals.
Summary
31
The result showed that BEF virus was diagnosed with the help of RT-PCR in samples suspected for BEFV infection, and there was no virus detected in samples taken from healthy animals. Comparison of hematology between BEFV infected cattle and healthy animals were performed there was no changes in the RBC, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and MID (it include monocyte, eosinophils, and basophils) except Neutrophils, which number was increases and lymphocytes which was decreased in BEFV infection, while in healthy animals there was no change in the whole hematology. Serum calcium was also determined there was decrease in serum calcium level of BEFV infected cattle, while in the healthy animal samples there was no change in the serum calcium level. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2284-T] (1).
7.
Pathological Investigations Of Different Isolates Of H9n2 Prevalent In Broiler Chicken
by M. Furqan Shahid (2014-VA-322) | Dr. Yasin Tipu | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Tahir Yaqub.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: In recent years, H9N2 virus has attained a great importance as its infection has reached panzootic proportions. AIV H9 has different antigenic variants that has made it problematic to diagnose and thus to understand the pathogenicity of this virus is also very difficult. Detection of AI H9 antibodies can be used as a complementary method for sero-epidemiological studies as an indicator of AI H9 infection. The haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay is used routinely for subtyping and detecting an increase of antibodies to AI viruses. Surveillance and early diagnosis of AI virus is essential for poultry. It demands rapid, sensitive and inexpensive diagnostic tests. Thus, it is important to identify different antigenic variants of H9.
In this study a total of seven H9 virus samples were isolated out of total 100 collected sample from field outbreaks. These isolates were confirmed by molecular methods like PCR. Then four isolates from these seven isolates were used to infect the experimental broiler chicken. Clinical signs were recorded after the inoculation of H9N2 virus to the broiler. The results of this study showed that clinical signs were more sever upto 5 DPI. The severity of signs was proved by observing the gross pathology and histopathology of organs (Lung, Kidney, Trachea and Liver) of infected birds which were collected on 5 and 9 DPI. Serum of infected birds was also collected on 7 and 14 DPI to analyze the antibody level of infected birds against experimentally used isolate of H9N2. Then cross reactivity of different isolates of H9N2 was also checked against pannel of hyperimmune sera raised against different isolates of H9N2 and their results showed different antibody level against different isolates of H9N2. The sero-biochemical study of serum of infected birds revealed that H9N2 virus has pathogenic potential on kidney and liver.
Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2459-T] (1).
8.
Pathogenesis Of Field Isolates Of Mannheimia Hemolytica In Experimentally Infected Rabbits
by Syeda Fakhra Waheed (2014-VA-10) | Prof. Dr. Zafar Iqbal Chaudhry | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Prof. Dr. Aftab Ahmed Anjum.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: Shipping fever is one of the most economically important infectious diseases of ruminants with a wide prevalence throughout the continents. The disease is characterized by an acute febrile course with severe fibrinous bronchopneumonia. Infected animals may die within a few days of the onset of clinical signs, but those which survive the acute attack may become chronically infected. Both Mannheimia and Pasteurella species are commensally resident in the respiratory tract of healthy ruminants and are capable of causing infection in animals with compromised pulmonary defense system. Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most common and costly problem encountered in stocker or feedlot calves. BRD also called “shipping fever”, accounts for major economic losses to the producer by reducing average daily gain, feed efficiency, and overall performance of beef calves. The aim of present study was isolation of M.haemolytica from cattle. The identification of organism was performed through biochemical tests and confirmation by polymerase chain reaction. The nature of disease was evaluated through gross and microscopic lesions.
A total of 50 tissue samples (25 lungs and 25 pharynx) were collected from Punjab Agriculture and Meat company Lahore and brought to the Department of Pathology UVAS, Lahore and were analyzed for biochemical and molecular detection of M .haemolytica. For studying the pathogenesis of the disease, experimental infection was given to rabbits in Department of Pathology, UVAS Lahore. Rabbits were randomly divided into Group A, Group B and Group C with nine rabbits (n=9) in each group. Experimental infection of field isolated M. hemolytica was given intratrachealy to the rabbits. Rabbits of group A and B were infected with 0.5 mL bacterial inoculum having 103 and 106 CFU/mL respectively. The rabbits of Group C served as control group. Rectal temperature of each rabbit was recorded daily. On postmortem,
CHAPTER 6
SUMMARY
Summary
67
gross and microscopic lesions were recorded.
The results showed that rabbits of control group not showed any gross or microscopic change. There was significant increase in rectal temperature of infected rabbits as compared to uninfected rabbits. The gross lesions were specific for the organism which was prominently observed in lungs of rabbits. The microscopic lesions revealed that there was severe consolidation, congestion and fibrin exudation in lungs of rabbits of group A which were given less number of organism and they developed clear signs of disease. The rabbits of Group B showed less prominent signs compared to group A due to early death of rabbits. There were multiple hemorrhages, of varying sizes and hyalinization of myocardial cells in infected rabbits. The severity of changes was significantly more different in Group A, as compared to Group B.
It can be deduced by this study that the rabbit can be used as a model for further studies exploring the pathogenesis of the disease as the lesions resemble to shipping fever caused by M. hemolytica in ruminants. The lesions, which developed, could be descending infection resulting in typical lesions of bronchopneumonia or lobular pneumonia. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2517-T] (1).
9.
Effect Of Acetic Acid Supplementation On Pathomorphological And Immunohistochemical Changes In Broiler Chickens Experimentally Infected With Salmonella Enterica Serovar Pullorum
by Bareera Javed Khan (2009-VA-156) | Dr. Gulbeena Saleem | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Nisar Ahmed.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2016Dissertation note: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of acetic acid in minimizing the severity of pathomorpholgical lesions in broiler chickens experimentally challenged with Salmonella pullorum. The experimental birds were divided into five groups. Group A acted as control, Group B was infected with S. pullorum. Antibiotic and acetic acid was given respectively to the challenged Group C and Group D. Group E was given acetic acid solely. Clinical signs were observed on daily basis. Postmortem findings of birds from each group was recorded on day 1, 3, 5 and 7. Histopathology and immunohistochemistry of the necropsy samples was performed subsequently. The data thus collected was organized using Factorial experiment on computer statistical software Minitab version 16 and analyzed by Two way ANOVA (Analysis of variance).
Hemorrhagic, congested liver with greyish necrotic foci, pericarditis, congested lungs, spleen and unabsorbed yolk was observed in sick birds. Infiltration of inflammatory cells, congestion and necrosis in liver, spleen and heart were histopathologically observed. Acetic acid reduced the severity of gross pathological and histopathological changes. The fecal excretion of S. pullorum significantly reduced with acetic acid.
Results clearly demonstrated that use of acetic acid and antibiotic respectively produced comparable outcome. As the use of antibiotics was banned in European Union and the organism, Salmonella pullorum showed resistance against many antibiotics so the best way to control the disease is by supplementing the acetic acid to birds as it was helpful in minimizing the mortality and severity of gross and histopathological lesions in infected chickens. If diets can be planned to enhance the organic acid production in the caecum, it may be possible to control salmonella species through cost effective means. However further studies need to be conducted in order to analyze the prophylactic and therapeutic effect of organic acids. The use of prebiotics and probiotics along with organic acids on the growth and disease management of broiler chickens. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2564-T] (1).
10.
Detection Of Influenza A Virus Contamination In Newcastle Disease Live Virus Vaccines And Their Pathological Effects On Visceral Organs
by Munir Hussain (2004-VA-64) | Mr. Muhammad Saeed Imran | Prof. Dr. Asim Aslam | Dr. Shafqat Fatima Rehmani.
Material type: ; Literary form:
not fiction
Publisher: 2015Dissertation note: Poultry is one of the most vibrant commercial sector which is playing a vital role to
bridge the gap between supply and demand of animal protein foods to cater for its ever
increasing human population 2.1 per cent annually in Pakistan (Sahota et al. 2003).
Vaccination is one of the most effective way to prevent the poultry birds from the
specific diseases. Disease producing microorganisms can be classified smallest to largest as
viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and parasites. All, except the viruses are sensitive to drugs
when outbreaks occur. Vaccination is basically the introduction of a specific biological substance
(antigen) into the bird to stimulate the antibodies formation or immunity to a particular disease.
Usually the biological substance is avirulent the live disease organisms, which are capable to
protect the bird against the particular disease by producing an immune response. Presence of
these organisms (antigen) in the blood stimulates the body's defense mechanism to produce
antibodies that neutralize the disease causing organisms when the bird is exposed to them
(Kamboh et al. 2009).
A danger of such type of live vaccines is that the live microbes can back mutate to a
virulent form. While, dead vaccines that contain whole killed (usually by formalin or phenol)
microbes are safe. They may contain little or no extraneous material and therefore tend to
produce fewer adverse effects (Palombo and Semple 2001). The vaccines that contain dead
organisms are safe with respect to residual virulence and are easy to store, since organisms are
already dead. While live vaccines may possess residual virulence for the animal by reversion of
avirulent organisms to fully virulent type or spread to nonvaccinated animals. Dead vaccines
have very little risk of ‘alive’ contamination, while live vaccines always run the risk of
contamination with unwanted organisms; for instance, outbreaks of reticuloendotheliosis in
Introduction
______________________________________________________________________________
2
chickens in Japan and Australia have been traced to contaminated Marek’s disease vaccine
(Tizard 1995).
Avian Influenza viruses typically produce Syndromes ranging from asymptomatic
infection to respiratory disease and drops in egg production to severe, systemic disease with near
100% mortality (Olsen et al. 2002). Avian influenza initially was recognized as a highly lethal,
systemic disease (i.e., highly pathogenic). HPAI was known by various name including fowl
plague, fowl pest etc. Avian Influenza viruses are classified in the family orthomyxoviridae,
genus influenza virus A (Garten et al. 2009). Avian influenza viruses can be categorized into
four clinical groups:1) highly virulent, 2) moderately virulent, 3) mildly virulent, and 4)
Avirulent (Swayne and Suarez 2000). Avian Influenza further sub type based on serologic
reaction of HA and NA surface glycoproteins. Fifteen sub types of HA and nine sub types of
NA are recognized (Swayne and Suarez 2000). MP AI viruses in domestic poultry produce
clinical sign reflect abnormalities in the respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive organs
(Allwright et al. 1993). To date, naturally occurring highly virulent influenza A viruses that
produce acute clinical disease in chickens, turkeys and other birds of economic importance have
been associated only with the H5, H7 and H9 subtypes. Influenza A viruses of subtype H9 are
now considered to be wide spread in poultry and have demonstrated the ability to infect humans
(Fedorko et al. 2006).
To date, all outbreaks of the highly pathogenic form have been caused by influenza A viruses
of the subtypes H5 and H7. The disease is transmitted horizontally by direct contact through
contamination. There is little or no evidence of vertical transmission (egg-borne infection).
However, eggshell surfaces can be contaminated with the virus (Potima 2007). Wild and
domesticated water fowl is the major natural reservoir of influenza A viruses. Representatives of
Introduction
______________________________________________________________________________
3
all of the different subtypes of avian influenza A virus have been isolated from birds, particularly
from aquatic species such as ducks, geese, and gulls (Karasin et al. 2000). Wild birds such as
geese, ducks and game birds; they can be carriers of even highly pathogenic strain H5N1
shedding the virus in their feces without clinical signs of disease.
Thus, the present study was carried out to examine the viral contamination (Influenza A
virus) in poultry vaccines manufactured locally and imported from different countries of the
world in Pakistan. The findings of the study have helped us to see the Avian Influenza A virus
contamination in vaccines which are used in field conditions and also help to evaluate the purity
of vaccines. The RT-PCR based technology has been described for the detection of different
RNA viruses such as Newcastle disease virus etc. (Payne et al. 1981) revealed contamination of
vaccines with ALVs, specifically in two Marek´s vaccines, which confirms that these agents are
potential contaminants of viral vaccines applied in poultry. This assay has meant a considerable
advance due to a higher sensitivity and specificity upon differentiating the subgroups compared
with ELISA. It is quicker test for detection of RNA viruses than the viral isolation, which
requires until 10 days and it needs detection by ELISA for the identification result. Availability: Items available for loan: UVAS Library [Call number: 2212,T] (1).
